24 June 2022
Who knew that those little flies that hover around the fruit bowl are social animals?!
Who knew that, when under threat, they would follow cues given by other flies?!
Does a fly faced with danger behave like a “sheep”??
Does the group always affect a threatened fly the same way, or is it dependent on the level of the threat?
Researchers from the Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory at the Champalimaud Foundation, in Portugal, strive to understand how social context influences the individual's response to threats.
Previously, they have shown that when fruit flies in a group are faced with an inescapable threat, they lower their defences compared to when alone. They further observed that if the other flies freeze, then so will the individual; when the group starts moving again, the individual quickly follows. Being in tune with the surrounding flies seems to bring security.
In their most recent paper, now published in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, researchers from this laboratory reveal that, when faced with a threat, the reactions of a fruit fly within a group depend on the level of that threat. At the beginning of the study, opinions were divided: on the one hand, there were those who thought that in the presence of a greater threat, the fly would pay less attention to the group because it would focus its maximum attention on its perception of the threat; on the other hand, there were those who considered that, faced with a greater threat, the flies would pay more attention to their surroundings, including the behaviour of other flies.
In order to measure a fly's response, in the presence of the same social cues but under different threat levels, Clara Ferreira and Marta Moita, postdoctoral researcher and principal investigator, respectively, designed an ingenious experiment.
This experiment involved, on the one hand, a group of flies that had been genetically manipulated so that they could not see the stimulus that was used as a threat (a dark circle that approaches the individual) and, on the other hand, a group of flies where a particular type of neurons of the visual system had been activated through optogenetics (a technique that combines light and genetics, capable of activating and inactivating neurons). This allowed the fly to be subjected to different social stimuli that were not affected by the threat level.
The results were clear: for higher levels of threat, flies respond more to social evidence, transmitted by the group. For Clara Ferreira, this makes perfect sense: “We know that the freezing response to the threat is energetically expensive, so it is of the utmost importance to limit this response to what is strictly necessary. Attunement with other animals allows the individual to respond quickly to the threat and be able to return to normalcy as soon as possible.”
Marta Moita concludes, “In the future we would like to explore this idea further. That is, to understand how the attunement between animals in a group allows for a more adjusted response to the threat and what neuronal mechanics underlie this attunement.
Clara H. Ferreira, Mirjam Heinemans, Matheus Farias, Rui Gonçalves and Marta A. Moita. Social Cues of Safety Can Override Differences in Threat Level. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2022.885795.
